Purpose

This study aims to investigate the correlation between the frequency and patterns of youth participation in extracurricular activities and positive development. Drawing upon the positive development theory and zero-sum theory, the patterns of activity involvement, and the interaction effects within an urban and rural context were examined.

Design/methodology/approach

A total sample of 1,214 eighth graders was selected using a national-level random sampling approach. Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. The latent profile analysis and multiple regression analysis models were applied while controlling for family capital and demographic variables to examine the correlations among the variables.

Findings/results

The result supported the hypothesis of activity overload: those who participate in more extracurricular activities have a higher positive development. However, the positive development has declined as the level of participation in activities is over the threshold. Three subgroups of extracurricular participation were also identified. The result displayed “high participation group” and “moderate participation group” had higher positive development scores compared to the “low participation group”. The relation was moderated by urban and township areas.

Originality/value

This is the first study to examine the profile of participation in extracurricular activities, and its association with positive youth development, using a nationwide middle school students sample in Taiwan. This study not only fills the gap due to the lack of empirical studies in Taiwan but also brings out directions for future research and policy implications.